Appendix C: Warnings and Instructions

WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONSUMERS IN TRANSPORTING, STORING, USING, AND HANDLING EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS (IME SLP-4)

NOTICE

Effective October 1, 1991 (voluntary compliance as of January 1, 1991), many of the U.S. Department of Transportation's (USDOT) proper shipping names and all classifications have been changed for domestic transportation. Although this system is now in effect, there were certain transition dates established to allow a smooth flow into the distribution channels.

The following two charts provide: (1) a comparison of the old and new classifications for explosives; and (2) the transition periods for use of the new names and classification. When you read through the Institute of Makers of Explosives' (IME) Safety Library Publications (SLPs) please remember to refer to these charts to ensure compliance with applicable regulations:

Chart 1

OLD CLASSIFICATION	CURRENT CLASSIFICATION
Class A Explosives	Division 1.1 or 1.2
Class B Explosives	Division 1.2 or 1.3
Class C Explosives	Division 1.4
Blasting Agents	Division 1.5
(No Applicable Class)	Division 1.6

Chart 2: TRANSITION PERIODS

Date	Requirement
1 October 1991	All new explosives must be classified under the new regulations.
1 October 1991	Mandatory compliance with new classification and hazard communication requirements (except placarding).
1 October 1993	Mandatory use of new (UN) placards, except DOT placards may be used for domestic highway transportation. Package manufacturers will only be permitted to make non bulk packaging which meet United Nations performance standards.
1 October 1994	Mandatory use of performance oriented packaging standards (UN) for non bulk packaging.
1 October 1996	Mandatory use of UN placards for all modes of transportation.

DEFINITIONS

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-12, "Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms" for the definitions of terms used in this document.

WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS

Warnings and Instructions for Transporting, Storing, Handling, and Using Explosive Materials.

WARNING: READ THIS SLP BEFORE USING ANY EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL

PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS IN THE TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, HANDLING, AND USE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

The misuse of any explosive material can kill or injure you or others.

Prevention of accidents depends on careful planning and the use of proper procedures.

This SLP is designed to help you use explosive materials safely.

GENERAL WARNINGS

All explosive materials are dangerous and must be carefully transported, handled, stored, and used following proper safety procedures or under competent supervision.

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	lock up explosive materials and keep from children and unauthorized persons. See the most recent edition of IME SLP-27 "Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use of Commercial Explosives" for comprehensive recommendations for security.
ALWAYS	maintain an accurate inventory of the contents of each magazine.
ALWAYS	discontinue operations during the approach and progress of electrical storms.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MATERIALS ON SAFETY OF EXPLOSIVES

The Institute of Makers of Explosives publishes a number of publications on safety. Refer to page 24 of this SLP for a complete list.

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS COVERED IN THIS SLP

High Explosives and Permissible Explosives
Electronic, Electric, and Nonelectric Detonators
Safety Fuse
Detonating Cord
Blasting Agents
Slurries, Water Gels, and Emulsions
Primers and Boosters

QUESTIONS ON THE USE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

These warnings and instructions cannot cover every situation which might occur. If you have any questions on the use of an explosive material, contact your supervisor or the manufacturer.

LOST OR STOLEN EXPLOSIVES

Call the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATF) 24 hours a day at 1-800-800-3855 or the lost or stolen explosives number 1-888-283-2662.

STORING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

LOCATION OF MAGAZINES

	Instruction
ALWAYS	separate magazines from other magazines, inhabited buildings, highways, and passenger railways. See IME Safety Library Publication No. 2, American Table of Distances or seek approval on a risk basis as determined by IMESAFR from the authority having jurisdiction.
ALWAYS	post normal access roads to explosive storage magazines with the following warning sign:

DANGER: "NEVER FIRE-NO OPEN FIRES EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE CALL (Emergency phone number)"

(This sign shall be weather resistant with a reflective surface and lettering at least 2" (50 mm) high. The first two lines shall be in red lettering and the remaining printing in black)

	Instruction
NEVER	allow combustible material to accumulate within 25 feet (8.3 meters) of the magazine.
NEVER	allow any lighters, matches, open flame, or other sources of ignition or volatile materials within 50 feet (16.6 meters) of the magazine.
NEVER	attempt to make any repairs to the inside or outside of a magazine containing explosive materials.

CONSTRUCTION OF MAGAZINES

	Instruction
ALWAYS	be sure magazines are solidly built and securely locked in accordance with federal regulations, to protect from weather, fire, and theft. Protect from penetration by bullets and missiles, as required by the classification of the explosive material.
ALWAYS	keep the inside of the magazine clean, dry, cool, and well ventilated.
ALWAYS	post clearly visible "EXPLOSIVES - KEEP OFF" signs outside of the magazine. Locate signs so that a bullet passing directly through them cannot hit the magazine.

CONTENTS OF MAGAZINES

	Instruction
ALWAYS	clean up spills promptly. Follow manufacturer's directions.
ALWAYS	store only explosive materials and other approved blasting materials and accessories in a magazine.
ALWAYS	rotate stocks of explosive materials so the oldest material in the magazine is used first. Consult with the manufacturer to assure that the recommended storage time for the explosive materials is being followed. NEVER store detonators with other explosive materials.
NEVER	use explosive materials which seem deteriorated. Before using, consult your supervisor or the manufacturer.
NEVER	exceed recommended storage conditions and temperatures for explosive materials. Check with your supervisor or the manufacturer.
NEVER	perform any type of operation in a magazine other than inspection, inventory, or bringing in or taking out explosive materials.

TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

	Instruction
ALWAYS	keep matches, lighters, open flame, and other sources of ignition at least 50 feet (16.6 meters) away from parked vehicles carrying explosive materials.
ALWAYS	follow federal, state, and local laws and regulations concerning transportation.
ALWAYS	load and unload explosive materials carefully.
NEVER	park vehicles containing explosive materials close to people or congested areas.
NEVER	leave a vehicle containing explosive material unattended.

HANDLING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

GENERAL

	Instruction
ALWAYS	use permissible explosive materials in flammable, gassy, or dusty atmospheres when required by applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	keep explosive materials away from children, manufactured persons and livestock.
ALWAYS	discontinue operations during the approach and progress of electrical storms.
NEVER	use explosive materials unless completely familiar with safe procedures or under the direction of a qualified supervisor.
NEVER	handle explosive materials during the approach of an electrical storm. Find a safe location away from the explosive materials. When a storm is approaching, consult your supervisor. This applies to both surface and underground operations.
NEVER	fight fires involving explosive materials. Remove yourself and all other persons to a safe location and guard the area.
NEVER	put explosive materials in the pockets of your clothing.

PACKAGING

	Instruction
ALWAYS	close partially used packages of explosive materials.
ALWAYS	store explosives in their original packages.
NEVER	touch metal fasteners with metal slitters when opening packages of explosive materials.
NEVER	mix different explosives in the same package.
NEVER	remove explosive material from its package unless designed to be used in that manner.

PROTECTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

	Instruction
ALWAYS	insure that there are no foreign objects, loose powder, or moisture in a fuse detonator before inserting the safety fuse.
ALWAYS	avoid the use of "shot breaks" to prevent premature initiation or damage of the initiation system. If "shot breaks" must be used, all loaded holes should be considered in determining the size of the blast site and blast area.
NEVER	insert anything into a fuse detonator except safety fuse.
NEVER	use explosive materials that have been water soaked, even if they now appear to be dried out.
NEVER	investigate the contents of a detonator.
NEVER	pull wires, safety fuse, shock tube, coupling device, plastic tubing, or detonating cord out of any detonator or delay device.
NEVER	take apart, or alter the contents of any explosive materials.
NEVER	expose explosive materials to sources of heat exceeding 150 degrees° Fahrenheit (F) or to open flame, unless such materials or procedures for their use have been recommended such exposure by the manufacturer.
NEVER	strike explosive materials with, or allow them to be hit by, objects other than those required in loading.
NEVER	subject explosive materials to excessive impact or friction.
NEVER	allow loaded firearms in the vicinity of, or near shoot near, explosive materials, magazines or vehicles loaded with explosive materials.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Drilling, Loading, and Tamping

GENERAL

	Instruction
ALWAYS	keep accurate and complete records of all blasts. Blast records shall include, but not necessarily limited to, the names of the blaster-in-charge and crew, the exact blast site location, blast-hole drill logs, weather conditions, site-specific loading information, geologic data, vibration compliance data, a sketch of the blast site including nearest structures if applicable, shot design details with individual charge timing, and the blaster's signature. Refer to SLP 3 and SLP 27 for blast and/or report recommendations.
ALWAYS	use proper fall protection devices, and or, systems when working closer than 6 feet (2 meters) to the crest of a high-wall, or if there is any danger of falling.
ALWAYS	wear proper floatation devices, and or, fall protection if working closer than 6 feet (2 meters) to the crest or in an area that presents a risk of falling into water.

DRILLING

	Instruction
ALWAYS	provide adequate training and education for drillers to ensure the safe operation of equipment and safety of drillers.
ALWAYS	check for unfired explosive materials on surface or face before drilling.
ALWAYS	be sure that all working order and all safety devices are in place prior to drilling.
ALWAYS	ensure leveling jacks, measurement devices, and tools for proper drill setup on stable ground are in working order, and used, to provide control of drill and pattern designs.
ALWAYS	utilize drill logs to record adequate information for proper loading of every bore hole.
ALWAYS	ensure noise and dust protection equipment and devices are in place prior to operation.
NEVER	drill into explosive materials, or into a bore hole that has contained explosive materials.
NEVER	start a drill hole as a bootleg.
NEVER	begin drilling operations until adequate site preparation has been done for the type of drill being used to ensure the safe movement and operation.
NEVER	begin drilling until the blast pattern design is properly laid out and bore hole locations are adequately marked for the drill.
NEVER	drill angle holes unless measurement equipment and controls are in place to ensure correct borehole placement, location, and end direction.

LOADING

	Instruction
ALWAYS	inspect the highwall, crest, and open face conditions before loading.
ALWAYS	check each borehole to assure it is safe for loading.
ALWAYS	load the face holes in such a manner that you can see the crest at all times.
ALWAYS	take precautions during pneumatic loading to prevent the accumulation of static electric charges.
ALWAYS	place any parts of the body in front of the borehole except those required for the loading, tamping, or stemming operations.
NEVER	force explosive materials into a borehole.
NEVER	load a borehole containing hot or burning material. Temperatures above 150° F could be dangerous.
NEVER	spring a borehole near other holes loaded with explosive materials.
NEVER	stack more explosive materials than needed near working areas during loading.
NEVER	drop large diameter, rigid cartridges [4 inch (102 mm) or larger] directly on the primer.

TAMPING

	Instruction
NEVER	tamp a primer or explosive material removed from its cartridge.
NEVER	tamp explosive materials with metallic devices, except jointed non-sparking poles with nonferrous metal connectors.
NEVER	tamp violently.
NEVER	kink or damage safety fuse, detonating cord, shock tube, plastic tubing, coupling devices, or wires of detonators when tamping.

USING EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS: General Instructions for Primers

GENERAL

	Instruction
NEVER	prepare more primers than immediately needed.
ALWAYS	prepare primers just prior to their immediate deployment into the blast hole and as close to time of loading explosives to ensure proper placement, limiting damage to, and effective priming of the explosive column.
NEVER	prepare primers in a magazine or near large quantities of explosive materials.
NEVER	slit, drop, twist or tamp a primer.

PREPARING THE PRIMER

	Instruction
ALWAYS	insert the detonator completely into a hole in the explosive material made with a non-sparking punch designed for that purpose, or in the cap well of a manufactured booster.
ALWAYS	secure the detonator within the primer.
ALWAYS	point the detonator in the direction of the main explosive charge.
ALWAYS	secure the detonator to a primer cartridge so that no tension is placed on the leg wires, safety fuse, shock tube, plastic tubing, or detonating cord at the point of entry into the detonator.
ALWAYS	be certain the detonator is fully inserted in the primer cartridge or booster and does not protrude from it.
ALWAYS	use cartridges and/or boosters that are physically compatible with the specific detonator design.
NEVER	use a cast primer or booster if the hole for the detonator is too small.
NEVER	enlarge a hole in a cast primer or booster to accept a detonator.
NEVER	punch explosive material that is very hard or frozen.
NEVER	force or attempt to force a detonator into explosive material.

LOADING THE BOREHOLE

	Instruction
ALWAYS	use the first cartridge in the borehole as the primer cartridge where two-inch diameter or smaller cartridges are used.
NEVER	drop large diameter, rigid cartridges [4 inch (102 mm) or larger] directly on the primer.

MAKING PRIMERS WITH ELECTRIC OR ELECTRONIC DETONATORS

SMALL DIAMETER CARTRIDGES (Less than four inches (102 mm) in diameter) – Figure 1

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Punch a hole straight into one end of cartridge.
Step 2:	Insert the detonator into the hole.
Step 3:	Tie leg wires around the cartridge using a half-hitch.

	Instruction
NEVER	pull the wires too tightly. This may break them or damage the insulation.

Figure 1: Recommended method of making primer with small diameter cartridge and electric or electronic detonators.

LARGE DIAMETER CARTRIDGES (Four inches (102 mm) and larger in diameter) – Figure 2

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Punch a slanting hole from the center of one end of the cartridge coming out through the side two or more inches from the end.
Step 2:	Fold over the leg wires about 12 inches (306 mm) from the detonator to form a sharp bend.
Step 3:	Push the folded wires through the hole starting at the end of the cartridge and coming out through the side.
Step 4:	Open the folded wires and pass the loop over the other end of the cartridge.
Step 5:	Punch another hole straight into the end of the cartridge beside the first, insert the detonator into this hole, and take up all the slack in the wires.

Figure 2: Recommended method of making primer with large diameter cartridge and electric or electronic detonators.

CAST BOOSTERS – Figure 3

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow the manufacturer's recommendation for the attachment and use of detonators with cast or manufactured boosters.
NEVER	thread safety fuse through the inside of a cast booster.
ALWAYS	use two safety fuse assemblies (double primed) when the primer is used as a primary explosive charge and exposure to personnel from subsequent misfire retrieval activity is a potential.

Figure 3: Recommended method of making primer with cast booster and electric or electronic detonators.

PLASTIC FILM CARTRIDGES – Figure 4

Figure 4: Recommended method of making primer with plastic film cartridge and electric or electronic detonators.

MAKING PRIMERS WITH FUSE OR NONELECTRIC DETONATORS

SIDE PRIMING METHOD – Figure 5

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Punch a hole in the side of the cartridge. Make the hole deeper than the length of the detonator and pointed downward rather than across the cartridge.
Step 2:	Insert the detonator.
Step 3:	Tape the safety fuse, shock tube, or plastic tubing to the cartridge to prevent the detonator from being pulled out of the cartridge.

Figure 5: Recommended method of making primer using the side priming method.

REVERSE PRIMING METHOD – Figure 6 and Figure 7

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Punch a hole straight into one end of the cartridge. Make the hole deeper than the length of the detonator.
Step 2:	Insert the detonator.
Step 3:	Fold back the fuse, shock tube, or plastic tubing over the end so that it lies along the length of the cartridge.
Step 4:	Tape the fuse, shock tube, or plastic tubing to the cartridge.

CAUTION: If miniaturized detonating cord is used, the explosives must be insensitive to initiation by the detonating cord for this method to work.

Figure 6: Recommended method for making primer by reverse priming method.

PLASTIC FILM CARTRIDGE PRIMER – Figure 7

Figure 7: Recommended method for making primer with plastic film cartridge and fuse or nonelectric detonator.

MAKING PRIMERS WITH DETONATING CORD

DETONATING CORD WITH CAST BOOSTERS – Figure 8

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's recommendations for using detonating cord with cast or manufactured boosters.

Figure 8: Recommended method for making primer with cast booster and detonating cord.

MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF PRIMERS

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's recommendations for preparation of primers not covered elsewhere in these recommendations.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: General Precautions

PROTECTING YOURSELF

	Instruction
ALWAYS	keep explosive materials away from food, eyes, or skin. Flush areas of contact with large quantities of water.
ALWAYS	avoid exposure to excessive noise from blasting. Comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	fire the shot from a position outside the blast area (away from where flyrock might occur), or if necessary to be in the blast area, from an adequate blast shelter that provides protection from flying material.
ALWAYS	remain in a position away from the blast area until post-blast fumes, dusts, or mists have subsided.
NEVER	handle any explosive materials or position yourself near any explosive materials when initiating a blast.
NEVER	fire the shot from in front of the blast.
NEVER	breathe dust or vapors from explosive materials.

PROTECTING OTHERS

	Instruction
ALWAYS	clear the immediate area of persons.
ALWAYS	post guards to prevent access to the blast area.
ALWAYS	sound adequate warning prior to the blast.
ALWAYS	use a blasting mat or other protective means when blasting close to residences or other occupied buildings or other locations where injury to persons or damage to property could occur as a result of flyrock.
NEVER	fire a blast without a positive signal from the person in charge.
NEVER	permit anyone to handle explosive materials or position themselves near explosive materials when a blast is to be initiated.

PROTECTING THE BLAST AREA

	Instruction
ALWAYS	clear the immediate area of vehicles, equipment, and extra explosive materials.
ALWAYS	design a blast to avoid excessive air blast, ground vibration, and flyrock. Comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	clear the blast area of all personnel prior to testing the circuit when using a blasting machine that is a combination firing unit and circuit tester.
NEVER	allow any source of ignition within 50 feet (16.6 meters) of a blast site except approved safety fuse lighters.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electric Initiation

PREPARING THE ELECTRIC BLASTING CIRCUIT

	Instruction
ALWAYS	test the circuit for continuity and proper resistance, using a blasting galvanometer or an instrument specifically designed for testing electric detonators and circuits.
ALWAYS	fire electric detonators with firing currents in the range recommended by the manufacturer.
ALWAYS	keep electric detonator wires or lead wires disconnected from the power source and shunted until ready to test or fire.
ALWAYS	keep the firing circuit completely insulated from ground or other conductors.
ALWAYS	be sure that all wire ends are clean before connecting.
NEVER	use any instruments, such as electrician's ohmers, that are not specifically designed for testing blasting circuits or detonators. Such meters produce sufficient electrical energy to prematurely initiate electric detonators which can result in injury or death.
NEVER	mix electric detonators made by different manufacturers in the same circuit.
NEVER	mix electric detonators of different types in a circuit, even if made by the same manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.
NEVER	use aluminum wire in a blasting circuit.
NEVER	make final hook-up to power source until all personnel are clear of the blast area.
NEVER	mix electric detonators and electronic detonators in the same blast, even if these are made by the same manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.
NEVER	use test equipment and blasting machines that are designed for electronic detonators with electric detonators.

PROTECTING AGAINST EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY

	Instruction
ALWAYS	check for stray current.
ALWAYS	check surrounding area near the blast site for the presence of fixed and mobile sources of radio frequency fields including cellular phones, handheld transceivers, driver monitoring systems, etc., and comply with the recommended safe distance tables in SLP-20.
NEVER	load boreholes in open work near electric power lines unless the firing lines and detonator wires are anchored or are too short to reach the power lines.
NEVER	handle or use electric detonators: a) when stray currents are present, b) during electrical storms, c) if static electricity is present.
NEVER	use electric detonators (electric blasting caps) near radio-frequency transmitters unless in accordance with IME Safety Library Publication No. 20, "Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)."
NEVER	use electric detonators near RF sources unless in accordance with SLP-20 or an "RF safe" detonator is used. Consult the manufacturer of the detonator for additional assistance.
NEVER	have electric power wires or cables near electric detonators or other explosive materials except at the time and for the purpose of firing the blast.
NEVER	open blasting machines or handle batteries near electric detonators.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Detonating Cord Initiation

	Instruction
ALWAYS	use a detonating cord matched to the blasting methods and type of explosive materials being used.
ALWAYS	handle detonating cord as carefully as other explosive materials.
ALWAYS	cut the detonating cord downline from the spool before loading the rest of the explosive material into a blast hole or beginning any other tie-in activity.
ALWAYS	cut the detonating cord trunkline from the spool immediate following completion of the tie-in activities.
ALWAYS	use a sharp knife, razor blade, or instrument designed for cutting detonating cord.
ALWAYS	make tight connections, following manufacturer's directions.
ALWAYS	attach detonators to detonating cord with tape or methods recommended by the manufacturer.
ALWAYS	point the detonators toward the direction of detonation – Figure 9.

Figure 9: Methods for attaching detonators to detonating cord

	Instruction
ALWAYS	attach the cord initiating detonator at least six inches from the cut end of the detonating cord.
ALWAYS	use a suitable booster to initiate wet detonating cord.
ALWAYS	use surface delay connectors designed for use with detonating cord.
NEVER	make loops, kinks, or sharp angles in the cord which might direct the cord back toward the oncoming line of detonation.
NEVER	damage detonating cord prior to firing.
NEVER	attach detonators for initiating the blast to detonating cord until the blast area has been cleared and secured for the blast.
NEVER	use damaged detonating cord.
NEVER	cut detonating cord with devices such as scissors, plier-type cutters, cap crimpers, or similar instruments.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Nonelectric Initiation

GENERAL

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's warnings and instructions, especially hookup procedures and safety precautions.
NEVER	hold nonelectric leads during firing. This may cause injury or death.
NEVER	use tubing or detonating cord leads for any purpose other than that specified by the manufacturer.

MINIATURIZED DETONATING CORD SYSTEM

	Instruction
ALWAYS	use explosives that are insensitive to initiation by the miniaturized detonating cord.
NEVER	join two sections of miniaturized detonating cord. A detonation will not pass through such a connection.

SHOCK TUBE SYSTEM

	Instruction
ALWAYS	assure that shock tubing connections to detonating cord are at right angles to prevent angle cut-offs.
ALWAYS	avoid situations where initiation system components can become entangled in machinery, equipment, vehicles, or moving parts thereof.
ALWAYS	bend shock tube to the hole in a straight line and keep it taut.
ALWAYS	follow the manufacturer's recommendations when cutting and splicing lead-in trunkline shock tube.
ALWAYS	unhook surface delay connectors prior to handling a misfire.
ALWAYS	protect surface delay connectors from unintended energy sources such as: impact from falling rock, impact from track vehicles or other mobile equipment, drilling equipment, flame, friction, electrical discharge from power lines, static electricity, and lightning.
NEVER	drive any vehicles over shock tube.
NEVER	tie together two lengths of shock tubing. An initiation signal will not pass through a knotted connection.
NEVER	pull, stretch, kink, or put tension on a shock tube such that the tube could be caused to break or otherwise malfunction.
NEVER	hook-up any surface delay connector before you are ready to fire the blast.
NEVER	hook-up a surface delay connector to its own shock tube.
NEVER	leave an unhooked surface delay connector in close proximity to the shock tube of a loaded blast hole.
NEVER	remove the detonator from a surface delay connector block.
NEVER	attempt to initiate detonating cord with a surface delay connector designed for the initiation of shock tube only.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electronic Initiation

	Instruction
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's warning and instructions especially hook-up procedures and safety precautions.
ALWAYS	fire electronic detonators with the equipment and procedures recommended by the manufacturer.
ALWAYS	verify the detonator system integrity prior to initiation of blast.
ALWAYS	keep the firing circuit completely insulated from ground or other conductors.
ALWAYS	use the wires, connectors and coupling devices specified by the manufacturer.
ALWAYS	follow the manufacturer's instructions when aborting a blast. Wait a minimum of 50 minutes before returning to a blast site after aborting a blast unless the manufacturer provides other specific instructions.
ALWAYS	clear the blast area of personnel, vehicles and equipment prior to hooking up to the firing device or blast controller.
ALWAYS	keep detonator leads, coupling devices and connectors protected until ready to test or fire the blast.
ALWAYS	keep wire ends, connectors, and fittings clean and free from dirt or contamination prior to connection.
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's instructions for system hook-up for electronic detonators.
ALWAYS	follow manufacturer's recommended practices to protect electronic detonators from electromagnetic, RF, or other electrical interference sources.
ALWAYS	protect electronic detonator wires, connectors, coupling devices, shock tube, or other components from mechanical abuse and damage.
ALWAYS	ensure the blaster in charge has control over the blast site throughout the programming, system checking, firing, and detonation of the blast.
ALWAYS	use extreme care when programming delay times in the field to ensure correct blast designs. Incorrect programming can result in misfires, flyrock, excessive air overpressure, and vibration.
NEVER	mix electric detonators and electric detonators in the same blast, even if they are made by the same manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.
NEVER	mix electronic detonators of different types and/or versions in the same blast, even if they are made by the same manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.
NEVER	mix or use electronic detonators and equipment made by different manufacturers.
NEVER	use test equipment and blasting machines designed for electric detonators with electronic detonators.
NEVER	use equipment or electronic detonators that appear to be damaged or poorly maintained.
NEVER	attempt to use blasting machines, testers, or instruments with electronic detonators that are not specifically designed for the system.
NEVER	attempt to cut and splice leads unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
NEVER	make final hook-up to firing device or blast controller until all personnel are clear of the blast area.
NEVER	load boreholes in open work near electric power lines unless the firing lines and detonator wires are anchored or are too short to reach the electric power lines.
NEVER	handle or use electronic detonators during the approach and progress of an electrical storm. Personnel must be withdrawn from the blast area to a safe location.
NEVER	use electronic detonator systems outside the manufacturer's specified operational temperature and pressure ranges.
NEVER	test or program an electronic detonator in a booster, cartridge, or other explosive component (Primer Assembly) before it has been deployed in the borehole or otherwise loaded for final use.
NEVER	hold an electronic detonator while it is being tested or programmed.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Fuse Detonator and Safety Fuse Initiation

GENERAL

	Instruction
ALWAYS	handle fuse carefully to avoid damaging the covering. In cold weather, warm fuse slightly before using to avoid cracking the water-proofing.
ALWAYS	know the burning speed of the safety fuse by conducting a test burn of the fuse in use to make sure you have time to reach safety after lighting.
ALWAYS	"double cap" safety fuse assemblies if they are being used as the primary explosive charge, or when initiating detonating cord for firing a blast.
NEVER	use lengths of safety fuse less than three feet.
NEVER	insert anything but safety fuse in the open end of fuse-type detonator.
NEVER	use fuse which has been kinked, bent sharply, or handled roughly in such a manner that the powder train may be interrupted.
NEVER	attempt to disarm, or relight, a safety fuse assembly once the unit has been lit or attempted to be lit, until the misfire waiting period has passed.

STEPS FOR ASSEMBLING FUSE DETONATOR AND FUSE

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Wait until you are ready to insert fuse into fuse detonators before cutting it.
Step 2:	Cut off an inch or two to assure a dry end.
Step 3:	Measure correct length of fuse from roll and cut squarely across with a fuse cutter designed for this purpose; not a knife.
Step 4:	Visually inspect inside of detonator for foreign material or moisture; if wet or if foreign matter cannot be removed by pouring, do not use the detonator. Dispose of detonator in an approved manner.
Step 5:	Put the safety fuse gently against the powder charge.
Step 6:	Crimp the end of the fuse detonator where the fuse enters using a cap crimper.

	Instruction
ALWAYS	cut off an inch or two to insure a dry end. Cut fuse squarely across with the proper tool designed for this purpose; not a knife.
ALWAYS	seat the fuse lightly against the detonator charge and avoid twisting after it is in place.
ALWAYS	insure that the detonator is securely crimped to the fuse.
ALWAYS	use waterproof crimp or waterproof the fuse-to-detonator joint in wet work.
ALWAYS	use cap crimpers to crimp to detonator to the safety fuse.
ALWAYS	twist the fuse inside the detonator.
NEVER	use a knife or teeth for crimping.
NEVER	use an open fuse detonator for a booster.
NEVER	cut fuse until you are ready to insert it into the detonator.
NEVER	crimp detonators by any means except a cap crimper designed for the purpose.
NEVER	attempt to remove a detonator from the fuse it is crimped to.

LIGHTING SAFETY FUSE

Step	Instruction
Step 1:	Make sure you can reach a safe location after lighting with sufficient time before initiation.
Step 2:	Place sufficient stemming over the explosive material to protect it from fuse-generated heat and sparks.
Step 3:	Have a partner before lighting the fuse. One person should light the fuse, and the other should time and monitor the burn.
Step 4:	Light the safety fuse, using a specially designed lighter.

Lighter options:

Single-fuse ignition hot wire lighters, pull-wire lighters or thermolite connectors.
Multiple-fuse ignition igniter cord with thermolite connectors.

	Instruction
ALWAYS	light fuse with a fuse lighter designed for the purpose.
ALWAYS	use the "buddy system" when lighting safety fuse – one lights the fuse, the other times and monitors.
NEVER	light fuse until sufficient stemming has been placed over the explosive to prevent sparks from coming into contact with the explosive.
NEVER	drop or load a primer with a lighted safety fuse into a borehole.
NEVER	use matches, cigarette lighters, cigarettes, pipes, cigars, carbide lamps, or other unsafe means to ignite safety fuse.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: After-Blast Procedures

DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

	Instruction
ALWAYS	treat deteriorated or damaged explosive materials with special care. They may be more hazardous than explosive materials in good condition.
ALWAYS	dispose of explosive materials using proper methods. Check with your supervisor or the manufacturer, if the manufacturer is not known, check with an IME member company listed in the front of this booklet.
NEVER	reuse any explosive material packaging.
NEVER	burn explosive materials packaging in a confined space.

MISFIRES

	Instruction
ALWAYS	deal with misfires of electronic detonator systems in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedures. (Electronic detonator systems may vary widely in design and application.)
ALWAYS	wait at least 30 minutes with fuse detonator misfires and at least 15 minutes with electric and other nonelectric detonator misfires, unless the manufacturer recommends otherwise, before returning to the blast area. Comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	wait a minimum of 30 minutes with electronic detonator misfires unless the manufacturer recommends additional time before returning to the blast area.
ALWAYS	shunt the bare wires of a misfired electric detonator by twisting them together and taping them to the metal shell to protect against extraneous sources of electrical energy.
ALWAYS	consider using air or water to remove stemming from a charged bore hole where nonelectric or electronic initiation systems have been used before considering using a vacuum removal system.
NEVER	drill, bore, or pick out any explosive materials that have been misfired. Misfires should only be handled by a competent experienced person knowledgeable of the blast design, including the location and type of all explosive materials.
NEVER	use a vacuum removal system such as a vacuum truck, "shop vac," or vacuum cleaner to remove stemming from any bore hole in which electric detonators have been used.

BLAST-GENERATED FUMES

	Instruction
ALWAYS	assume toxic fumes are present from all blasts or burning explosive materials and stay away until they have dissipated.
ALWAYS	assume toxic concentrations of carbon monoxide gas from heavily confined shots such as those used in trenching can migrate through the earth and accumulate in nearby underground enclosed spaces such as basements or manholes.
ALWAYS	comply with applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations for safe fume levels before returning to blast area.

REDUCING POST-BLAST FUME HAZARD

	Instruction
ALWAYS	monitor nearby enclosed spaces for toxic gases such as carbon monoxide after blasting.
ALWAYS	ventilate nearby enclosed spaces and continue to monitor them if any carbon monoxide gas is detected in the enclosed space after blasting.
ALWAYS	excavate blasted material from heavily confined shots as soon as possible. Blasted material may harbor dangerous concentrations of carbon monoxide gas for days if not excavated.
ALWAYS	use the largest diameter cartridge that fits the job.
ALWAYS	use water resistant explosive materials in wet conditions, and fire the blast as soon as practicable after loading.
ALWAYS	spray the muckpile with water in accordance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
ALWAYS	avoid conditions that might cause explosive materials to burn rather than detonate.
NEVER	enter a recently blasted trench or an enclosed space without checking for toxic gases such as carbon monoxide.
NEVER	use explosive materials that appear deteriorated or damaged.
NEVER	use more explosive material than necessary.
NEVER	add combustible materials to the explosive material load.
NEVER	use combustible materials for stemming.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Seismic Prospecting

	Instruction
ALWAYS	secure explosive material at a safe depth in the borehole. Use shot anchors when needed.
ALWAYS	secure any casing that might blow out of the borehole.
ALWAYS	place the detonator and/or primer near the top of the explosive column, in the side or in the cap well of one of the top two cartridges.
NEVER	approach explosive material thrown out of the borehole by an explosion until you are sure that it is not burning.
NEVER	drop a seismic charge containing the primer cartridge.

This appendix is based on IME SLP-4, "Warnings and Instructions for Consumers in Transporting, Storing, Using, and Handling Explosives Materials."